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Researchers and clinicians working in the area of stuttering recognize that the cause of stuttering is complex. Over the years, many different explanatory models of stuttering causation have been proposed. One of the most persistent themes in several of these models has been that stuttering may be related to abnormal brain processes involved in speaking. As early as 1928, Samuel Orton and Lee Travis offered a neurophysiological model of stuttering. They speculated that stuttering resulted from incomplete development of hemispheric dominance. Although the early model proposed by Orton and Travis was ultimately not supported experimentally, the idea that atypical brain processing for speech somehow plays a role in stuttering has received ongoing attention over the years.